品牌標(biāo)識(shí)角度論證基礎(chǔ):二元論 二元論(Dualism)認(rèn)為世界有兩個(gè)本源,這兩個(gè)本源是平行的。

       二元論在哲學(xué)史上是個(gè)呼風(fēng)喚雨的名詞,從古代的亞里士多德時(shí)代開(kāi)始,到近代康德、笛卡爾等諸多大師都是二元論的倡導(dǎo)者。亞里士多德發(fā)現(xiàn)了形式與質(zhì)料之間的二元論,奧古斯丁則發(fā)現(xiàn)了上帝之城與人類(lèi)之城之間的二元論。

      近代哲學(xué)史上典型的二元論者是由二分法造成,典型代表是17世紀(jì)法國(guó)哲學(xué)家R笛卡爾,他主張心靈與身體之間的二元論(心物二元論),而康德則發(fā)現(xiàn)了現(xiàn)象界與本體之間的二元論,還有一些非主流的二元理論,如實(shí)體二元論(Substance Dualism)、概念二元論(Conceptual Dualism)等。

       二元論認(rèn)為,精神和物質(zhì)是兩種絕對(duì)不同的實(shí)體,精神的本質(zhì)在于思想,物質(zhì)的本質(zhì)在于存在;物質(zhì)不能思想,精神如果沒(méi)有載體(人/大腦/文字/言語(yǔ)/視覺(jué)等)不能存在。 精神和物質(zhì)二者彼此完全獨(dú)立,不能由一個(gè)決定或派生另一個(gè)。簡(jiǎn)單地說(shuō),二元論是主張世界有精神和物質(zhì)兩個(gè)獨(dú)立本原的哲學(xué)學(xué)說(shuō)。由于二元論割裂了物質(zhì)和精神的關(guān)系,不能科學(xué)地解決世界的本質(zhì)問(wèn)題,也無(wú)法將物質(zhì)和精神絕對(duì)獨(dú)立的原則貫徹到底,即使是笛卡爾,最終還是倒向唯心主義的一元論。

      The basis of brand identity argument: dualism

      Dualism holds that the world has two origins, which are parallel.

      Dualism is a powerful term in the history of philosophy. From the ancient Aristotle era to modern Kant, Descartes and many other masters are advocates of dualism. Aristotle discovered the dualism between form and material, while Augustine discovered the dualism between the city of God and the city of man.

       In the history of modern philosophy, the typical dualism is caused by dichotomy. The typical representative is the 17th century French philosopher r Descartes, who advocated the dualism between mind and body. Kant found the dualism between phenomenology and ontology, and some non mainstream dualism, such as substance dualism and conceptual dualism.

      Dualism holds that spirit and matter are two absolutely different entities, the essence of spirit lies in thought, and the essence of matter lies in existence; matter cannot think, and spirit cannot exist without carrier (human / brain / words / speech / vision, etc.).

      Spirit and matter are completely independent of each other and cannot be determined by one or derived from the other. In short, dualism is a philosophical theory which advocates that the world has two independent sources of spirit and material. Because dualism separates the relationship between material and spirit, it can not solve the problem of the essence of the world scientifically, and it can not carry out the principle of absolute independence of material and spirit to the end. Even Descartes, in the end, turned to idealist monism.